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Featured Item
9.25-inch American Kestrel
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This 9.25-inch American Kestrel carving was hand-crafted from solid Basswood. The American Kestrel is our smallest and most common Falcon. It can be identified by the russet coloring on the back and tail and the double, black stripes on the white face. When seen in flight from below, the adult American Kestrel will show pale under the wings and the males have a distinctive row of white, circular spots on the trailing edges of the wings. The male also has blue-gray wing coverts.
Reference
National Geographic Field Guide To The Birds of North America, Fifth Edition, Page 138
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The National Wildlife Refuge System came into being on March 14, 1903, when President Theodore Roosevelt established the Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge in Florida.
There are currently 548 national wildlife refuges managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, encompassing some 96,373,969 total acres. Every state in the nation maintains at least one refuge, while most states have several.
The primary objective for the establishment and maintaining of most of these refuges is to provide a suitable habitat and sanctuary for migratory and / or endangered species of wildlife.
While some of these are not open or accessible to the public, most of these refuges are available for recreational use. In fact, according to a recent survey by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, recreational usage of the national refuges generates almost $2 Billion annually in total economic activity.
On these pages, we are providing links and very brief descriptions of each of these refuges. These will be organized by Region with sub-divisions by State. There are currently seven regions – Pacific, Southwest, Midwest, Southeast, Northeast, Mountain-Prairie, and Alaska.
This directory of the United States Fish & Wildlife Refuges is a work in progress. We are researching and documenting each refuge and attempting to make sure the information is both current and accurate. Since the Southeast region (USF & W Region 4) is our home, we began this project with that region.
With this page, we have added the information pertaing to the Pacific Region, which is made up of Hawaii, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. It is our intention to complete this directory as quickly as possible. We invite you to check back often to check on our progress.
If you want to see many of the birds that we have for sale in their natural habitat, you are sure to find your next excursion destination on these pages. Enjoy!
California
Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refug
The Antioch Dunes National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1980 on 55 acres in two parcels along the southern shore of the San Joaquin River in the San Francisco Bay-Delta area. The refuge was primarily established to preserve and protect three endangered species: Lange's Metalmark butterfly, Antioch Dunes evening primrose and Contra Costa wallflower.
Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge
The Bitter Creek National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1985 and consists of 14,094 acres in parts of Kern, Ventura, and San Luis Obispo Counties in California, approximately 80 miles north of Los Angeles, California. The refuge was established to preserve and protect the roosting and foraging habitat for the endangered California condor. The refuge is also home to a variety of other wildlife, including the Golden Eagle and the Prairie Falcon. As many as 119 different bird species have been identified on the refuge including 90 migratory species.
Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge
The Blue Ridge National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1982 on 11,000 acres in the foothills of the southern Sierra Nevada Mountains in Tulare County, California. The refuge was initially established primarily to preserve and protect habitat for the endangered California Condor. Additional bird species which are commonly seen on the refuge include Mountain Quail, Blue Grouse, Band-tailed Pigeon, Great Horned Owl, White-headed Woodpecker, Steller's Jay, Mountain Chickadee, White-breasted Nuthatch, and Townsend's Solitaire.
Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area
The Butte Sink Wildlife Management Area was established in 1980 as a wildlife sanctuary to protect wetlands for wintering waterfowl. The current size of the Management Area is 18,000 acres, however only 733 acres of the area is actually owned by the USF & W Service. The remainder is owned by private landowners who have committed to maintaining the wetland marshes and habitats in perpetuity. In addition to providing habitat for migrating waterfowl, the refuge objectives also include protecting various endangered or threatened species and providing habitat for neotropical migratory land birds. The Butte Sink area typically supports annual wintering populations of over 300,000 ducks and 100,000 geese.
Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge
The Castle Rock National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1979, is comprised of 14 acres which climbs quickly to 335 feet above sea level and is located about a half mile offshore from Crescent City, California. The refuge is a very strategic and important habitat for Aleutian Canada Geese with over 21,000 of the species known to roost on the refuge. It also boasts the largest breeding population of Common Murres in California. Several other species of seabirds also nest on the refuge, including Cormorants, Pigeon Guillemots, Cassin’s and Rhinoceros Auklets, Leach’s and Fork-tailed Storm-petrels, and Tufted Puffins and Western Gulls.
Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1911 on 46,460 acres in the Klamath Basin area of northeastern California. About 20,000 acres of the refuge area is open water. Established primarily to preserve and provide habitat for waterfowl, the lake area of the refuge provides several nesting sites for the American White Pelican, Double-crested Cormorant, and other colonial nesting birds. The refuge also monitors the nesting populations of about 3,500 California and 5,800 Ring-billed Gull nesting colonies.
Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge
The Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1985 and consists of 3,709 acres in the northern end of the Colorado Desert just south of the Little San Bernardino Mountains. One of the primary refuge objective is to maintain a sanctuary for the rare Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard and many other desert dwelling species. For the safety of this threatened lizard, the refuge is almost totally close to the public except for a small horseback trail through a section of the refuge.
Colusa National Wildlife Refuge
The Colusa National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1945 and consists of 4,507 acres in the Sacramento Valley of California about 70 miles north of Sacramento. The rigidly managed wetland habitats of this refuge support more than 200,000 wintering ducks and more than 100,000 geese each year.
Delevan National Wildlife Refuge
The Delevan National Wildlife Refuge consists of 5,797 acres in the Sacramento Valley of California. The refuge provides critical and scarce wetland habitat for migrating ducks and geese which are as high as 200,000 and 100,000 each year. The migratory guests also include several endangered species including Peregrine Falcons, Bald Eagles and breeding Tri-colored Blackbirds. The resident species include Grebe, Heron and Blackbirds.
Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1974 and currently encompasses 30,000 acres of open bay, salt pond, salt marsh, mudflat, upland and vernal pool habitats located throughout south San Francisco Bay. The refuge provides an important resting and feeding habitat for several species of migrating waterfowl. The refuge also provides critical sanctuary for the endangered California Clapper Rail. The ponds, sloughs and other wetlands of the refuge support numerous varieties of water birds like herons, seagulls, avocets, stilts, plovers, sandpipers, ducks, geese.
Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge
The Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1975 and consists of 139 acres of coastal uplands. Located in Santa Cruz County within the Monterey Bay area, the refuge was established primarily to protect the endangered Santa Cruz long-toed salamander. The refuge is closed to public access.
Farallon National Wildlife Refuge
The Farallon National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1909 and consists of 211 acres on islands approximately 30 miles offshore of San Francisco in the Pacific Ocean. The refuge provides nesting habitat for 13 nesting seabird species including the world's largest breeding colonies of Ashy Storm-petrel, Brandt's Cormorant, California Brown Pelican and Western Gull. The total breeding seabird population on the refuge is over 250,000 birds including Cassin's auklet, Rhinoceros Auklet, Common Murre, Double-crested Cormorant, Pelagic Cormorant, Pigeon Guillemot, Leach's Storm Petrel, Tufted Puffin, and American Black Oystercatcher.
Grasslands Wildlife Management Area
The Grasslands Wildlife Management Area was established in 1979 and encompasses 85,000 acres in western Merced County, California, within the San Joaquin River basin. The primary objectives of the refuge involve preserving and protecting wetland habitats for wintering waterfowl and other wildlife. Located in the Pacific Flyway, the refuge provides a critical resting and feeding habitat for 19 duck species and 6 goose species.
Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge
The Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge was established in 2000 on 2,700 acres in the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes Preserve, an 18-mile stretch of coastline in San Luis Obispo County, California. The refuge was primarily established to preserve and protect the breeding habitat for the threatened California Red-legged Frog, Western Snowy Plover and endangered California Least Tern. The refuge also supports the recovery of other endangered bird species including Brown Pelicans and Peregrine Falcons.
Havasu National Wildlife Refuge
The Havasu National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1941 and consists of 44,371 acres which covers 300 miles of shoreline along the lower Colorado river from Needles, California, to Lake Havasu City, Arizona. The refuge provides habitat for a large number of waterbird species, including the endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. Other endangered species here include the Yuma Clapper Rail, Peregrine Falcons and Southern Bald Eagles. Many other bird species are found on the refuge including shore and marsh birds such as herons, egrets and Clark's Grebe.
Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
The Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1974 on 2,471 acres in the Ventura County area of southern California. The primary refuge objectives focus on the preservation of habitat for endangered species such as the California Condor, Western Snowy Plover, and Least Tern. Over 130 species of birds have been identified on the refuge. The refuge is closed to the general public.
Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The Humboldt Bay National Wildlife was established in 1971 and encompasses 2,200 acres on Humboldt Bay on the northwest California coast. The authorized growth plan of the refuge is for a total of 8,935 acres. The Refuge located in the Pacific Flyway was established to preserve and protect wetlands for migratory birds, especially the Black Brant. Wintertime populations of migratory birds on the refuge will often exceed 100,000. Over 200 species of birds are found on the refuge including 80 kinds of water birds and other endangered species including the Peregrine Falcon, Bald Eagle and the Brown Pelican.
Kern National Wildlife Refuge
The Kern National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1964 and encompasses 11,249 acres of natural valley grasslands, a relict riparian corridor, and developed marsh. The refuge is located in the southern portion of California's San Joaquin Valley, 20 miles west of the city of Delano, California. The primary objective of the refuge is the restoration and protection of habitat for migrating waterfowl and water birds. Some of the species found on the refuge include Southern Bald Eagles, American Peregrine Falcons, Sandhill Cranes, Tri-colored Blackbirds and White-faced Ibis.
Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge
The Lower Klamath National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1908 on 46,900 acres in the Klamath Basin. The refuge objectives include preserving and enhancing habitat for endangered, threatened and sensitive species. Some of the more interesting birds which are commonly found on the refuge include American Bald Eagle, Golden Eagle, American White Pelican, White-faced Ibis, Snow Geese, Ross’ Geese, White-fronted Geese, Canada Geese, Peregrine Falcon, Pintail, Mallard, Gadwall, Canvasback Greb, Western Greb, Eared Grebe, Black Tern and the Tri-colored Blackbird.
Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge
The Marin Islands National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1992 in the San Pablo Bay off the coast of San Rafael in Marin County, California. Consisting of 340 acres it provides the largest heron and egret rookery in the San Francisco Bay area. Nesting species here include Great Egrets, Snowy Egrets, Great Blue Herons, and Black-crowned Night Herons.
Merced National Wildlife Refuge
The Merced National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1951 in the northern San Joaquin Valley of California. The refuge is made up of 10,258 acres of wetlands, native grasslands, vernal pools, and riparian areas. The refuge is the winter home for the largest gathering of Lesser Sandhill Cranes and Ross' Geese along the Pacific Flyway. Other significant species which are known to breed here include Swainson's Hawks, Tri-colored Blackbirds, Marsh Wrens, Mallards, Gadwall, Cinnamon Teal and Burrowing Owls. Each Fall and Spring, migrating species passing through the refuge include Phalaropes, Yellowlegs, Dowitchers, Sandpipers, Long-billed Curlews, Black-bellied Plovers and White-faced Ibis. Summer residents on the sanctuary also include Avocets, Black-necked Stilts, American Bitterns, and several species of Herons and Krets as well as Ring-necked Pheasants.
Modoc National Wildlife Refuge
The Modoc National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1961 on over 7,000 acres in the high altitude desert areas of northeastern California. The refuge was established primarily for the management and protection of migrating waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway. The refuge also provides important nesting habitat for over 76 species of ducks, geese, greater sandhill cranes, and other marsh and upland birds.
North Central Valley Wildlife Management Area
The North Central Valley Wildlife Management Area has an authorized growth size of 48,750 acres within an eleven county area of the Sacramento Valley. The mission of the refuge is to restore, preserve and protect the wetland habitat for waterfowl and other wetland-related wildlife. Private land owners are responsible for maintaining and managing wetlands enrolled in the conservation easement program.
Pixley National Wildlife Refuge
The Pixley National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1959 and consists of 6,389 acres of native valley grasslands and developed marsh habitat in the former Tulare Basin of central California. In addition to providing habitat and sanctuary for several endangered species such as the San Joaquin Kit Fox and the Tipton Kangaroo Rat and the Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard, the refuge also supports large numbers of migrating waterfowl. Over a hundred bird species are identified using the refuge. Thousands of Sandhill Cranes use this refuge each winter from November through March.
Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge
The Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1937 and consists of about 10,783 acres of seasonal marsh, permanent ponds, and uplands in the heart of the Sacramento Valley. It regularly supports several hundred thousand wintering ducks and geese each year. Among the bird species which make their permanent home on the refuge are Grebe, Heron, Blackbirds and Golden Eagles.
Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge
The Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1989 to restore, preserve and protect the riparian habitat of the Sacramento River in the area from Red Bluff to Butte City, California. The refuge was initially established on 250 acres of its authorized target size of 18,000 acres. The primary wildlife on the refuge includes Pintail, Green-winged Teal, Mallard, Gadwall, and Shovelers Ducks, Sandhill Crane, Bald Eagle, Peregrine Falcon, Yellow-rumped Warbler, White-crowned Sparrow, Black-necked Stilt, and American Avocet.
Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge
The Salinas River National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1973 and consists of 367 acres of the central California coast. Located in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, the refuge provides feeding and resting habitat for thousands of migrating birds every year. It also provides sanctuary for several threatened and endangered species, including the Western Snowy Plover, California Brown Pelican, Smith’s Blue Butterfly, and Monterey Spineflower.
San Diego National Wildlife Refuge
The San Diego National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1996 and at the present time includes about 9,478 acres in southwestern San Diego County, California. The restoration and protection of the essential habitats for several endangered species and migratory birds was one of the primary objectives in the establishment of the sanctuary. A few of the targeted species which the refuge intends to focus on include the rare California Gnatcatcher, Least Bell's Vireo, and the Quiho Checkerspot Butterfly.
San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The San Diego Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1999 and consists of 316 acres of salt marsh and coastal uplands on the San Diego Bay. The refuge provides habitat for four endangered or threatened species, including the Light-footed Clapper Rail and the California Brown Pelican. Collectively, more than 200 species of birds have been identified on the refuge.
San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge
The San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1987. Located west of Modesto, California, the refuge consists of 6,500 acres of riparian woodlands, wetlands, and grasslands in the Central Valley of California. Of the primary achievements of this refuge is it's success in assisting in the recovery of Aleutian Cackling Geese. The refuge also provides important nesting sanctuary for Swainson's Hawks, Herons and Cormorants.
San Luis National Wildlife Refuge
The San Luis National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1962 and consists of over 7,400 acres in the historic northern San Joaquin Valley in what is known as the Grasslands Ecological Area. The refuge has for many years provided a critical resting and feeding sanctuary for a great number of migrating waterfowl in the Pacific Flyway. The refuge provides a wintering home for a great number of wintering ducks and geese including: Mallard, Northern Pintail, Green-winged Teal, Greater White-fronted, Ross’s, and Snow geese. Nesting summertime residents include Wood Duck, Gadwall, Mallard,and Cinnamon Teal. Blue-winged Teal, Northern Shoveler, Northern Pintail, and Ruddy Duck. Other birds which are plentiful include American Bittern, Sora, Virginia Rail, Marsh Wren, Song Sparrow, CommonMoorhen, and American Coot. Western Meadowlark and Black Phoebe may be anywhere, and White-tailed Kite is fairly common.
San Pablo Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The San Pablo Bay National Wildlife was established in 1974 and consists largely of several thousand acres of tidelands that are leased from the California State Lands Commission. The Refuge is located on the north shore of San Pablo Bay in Sonoma, Solano, and Napa Counties in northern California. The refuge provides important wintertime resting and feeding sanctuary for migrating shorebirds and waterfowl, especially diving ducks. Also, a large number of threatened and endangered species live here including the California Clapper Rail, California Black Rail, San Pablo Song Sparrow, and Suisun Shrew.
Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge
The Seal Beach National Wildlife Refuge was established as an overlay on the Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station in Orange County, California and consists of 911 acres of remnant saltwater marsh in the Anaheim Bay estuary, about 30 miles south of Los Angeles, California. In addition to providing critical habitat for migrating waterfowl and shorebirds in the Pacific Flyway, the refuge was primarily established to protect the endangered California Least Tern, Light-footed Clapper Rail, and to provide quality habitat for California Brown Pelican, Peregrine Falcon and Belding’s Savannah Sparrow.
Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge
The Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge was initially established in 1930 as the Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge and was renamed in 1998 after Congressman Sonny Bono. The refuge is located 40 miles north of the Mexican border at the southern end of the Salton Sea in California’s Imperial Valley. Due to this refuge's unique Sonoran Desert location and elevation of 227 feet below sea level, it experiences some of the warmest temperatures in the United States, with regularly recorded annual temperatures of 116 to 120 degrees. Initially established on 37,600 acres to provide feeding ground and habitat for birds and wild animals for, it has currently shrunk in size to approximately 2,200 acres due to agricultural encroachment and a rise in the level of the Salton Sea.
Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
The Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1992 on over 4,000 acres in the Stone Lakes Basin floodplain of California. Located only 12 miles from Sacramento, California, the refuge area includes three large lakes: Beach Lake, North Stone Lake, and South Stone Lake. Just a few of the birds which can be found here include Dunlins, Black-bellied Plovers, American Avocets, Greater Yellow Legs, Mallards, Green-winged Teal, Greater Sandhill Cranes, Greater White-fronted Geese and Canada Geese as well as thousands of other geese and ducks. Other species include Egrets, Herons, Swainson's Hawks, Peregrine Falcons, White-crowned Sparrows and Goldfinches.
The Sutter National Wildlife Refuge consists of 2,591 acres of seasonal marsh, permanent ponds, and uplands in the Sacramento Valley of California about 11 and 1/2 miles from Yuba City, California. Situated in the middle of the Pacific Flyway, each Winter the refuge regularly hosts large numbers of migrating waterfowl, with numbers reaching over 200,000 ducks and 100,000 geese. The refuge habitats also provides important support for breeding and migrating passerine birds, and supports a large heron/egret rookery. Endangered species on the refuge include yellow billed cuckoo, and Swainson's hawk.
Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge
The Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge consists of 1,051 acres of wetlands where the Tijuana River empties into the Pacific Ocean on the extreme southwestern corner of the contiguous United States. Nearly 380 species of birds have been identified on the refuge including the endangered California Least Tern, Least Bell's Vireo, California Brown Pelican and the Light-footed Clapper Rail.
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1928 and consists of 39,116 acres of mostly open water and croplands in the Klamath Basin of northeast California. The primary objectives of the refuge include maintaining and enhancing the habitat for migrating waterfowl and endangered or threatened wildlife species. A small number of the many species of birds which have been recorded on the refuge include: American bald eagle, Golden Eagle, American White Pelican, White-faced Ibis, Snow, Ross’, White-fronted, and Canada Geese. Peregrine Falcon, Pintail, Mallard, Gadwall, Canvasback, Western and Eared Grebes, Black Tern and the Tri-colored Blackbird.
Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area
The Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area in the Sacramento Valley of California. The project has an approved acquisition size of 20,000 acres, although at this time, the managed size of this wildlife management area is only 4,627 acres. The management area lands represent a critical area of the Pacific Flyway for Waterfowl, where forty four percent of the birds will winter in the Sacramento Valley.
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Guam
Guam National Wildlife Refuge
The Guam National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1993 Most of the refuge, about 22,500 acres in northern Guam, is an "overlay refuge" on lands administered by the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy in the military-owned area now called the Ritidian Unit. The primary objectives of the refuge are to protect and protect the habitat and to help recover endangered and threatened species, such as the Mariana Fruit Bat, the Mariana Crow and the decimated sea turtle population on the island. The refuge also protects the Serianthes Nelsonii tree, one of the largest native trees in the Mariana Islands which cannot be found anywhere else in the world.
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Hawaii
Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge is made up of Baker Island itself (405 acres) and some 30,500 acres of surrounding submerged land. The island has been in possession of the U.S. since 1857. The uninhabited island, 20 miles north of the equator and 1,600 miles southwest of Honolulu refuge provides a safe habitat for about 20 species of seabirds and shorebirds.
Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
The Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1985 on 32,733 acres on the island of Mauna Kea, Island of Hawaii. Eight of the 14 native bird species found on Hakalau are endangered. Frequent visitors to the refuge also include a number of other bird species, both migratory and introduced, as well as the endangered ‘ape‘ape‘a (Hawaiian hoary bat).
Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge
The Hanalei National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1972 on 917 acres on the northern shore of Kauai Island in Hawaii. The refuge provide habitat for endangered Hawaiian water birds, including the Hawaiian stilt, coot, moorhen, and duck.
Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge
The Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1909 on 1,766 acres of land and 610,148 acres of submergent lands on a islands, reefs, and atolls in a general northwesterly direction from the main Hawaiian Islands. These largely uninhabited islands are habitat for millions of seabirds, such as sooty terns and albatrosses.
Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
The Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge sits on a 455 acre island surrounded by 32,074 acres of submerged land. Like Baker Island Refuge, Howland NWR is about 1,600 miles southwest of Honolulu. The refuge serves primarily as a nesting and roosting habitat for 20 species of seabirds and shorebirds. Principal species are sooty terns, gray-backed terns, shearwaters, red-footed boobies, brown boobies, masked boobies, lesser and great frigate birds, red-tailed tropicbirds, and brown noddies.
Huleia National Wildlife Refuge
The Huleia National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1973 on 241 acres on the island of Kaua`i, Hawaii. The refuge is habitat for thirty-one species of birds, including endangered Hawaiian stilt, coot, moorhen, and duck.
James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge
The James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1976 on approximately 164 acres on the island of O`ahu, Hawaii. Established specifically for the endangered Hawaiian stilt, coot, moorhen, and duck, the refuge also provides essential habitat for wintering migratory birds coming from as far away as Alaska, New Zealand, and Asia.
Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge
The Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge encompasses 1,086 acres of land surrounded by 35,397 acres of submerged land and is located about 1,300 miles south of Honolulu. Functioning primarily as nesting and roosting habitat for about 20 species of seabirds and shorebirds, the refuge is home to sooty terns, gray-backed terns, shearwaters, red-footed boobies, brown boobies, masked boobies, lesser and great frigatebirds, red-tailed tropicbirds, and brown noddies and others.
Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge
The Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1926 on Johnson Atoll between the Hawaiian Islands and the Marshall Islands. As a result of multiple dredge and fill operations, the refuge is currently something over 600 acres. Included in the seabird species found here are shearwaters and petrels which are readily identified by their hooked bills and also by their nostrils, which are sheathed in horny tubes arising near the base of the bill.
Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge
The Kakahaia National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1977 on the island of Moloka`i, Hawaii. The refuge provides habitat to Twelve species of birds, including the endangered Hawaiian stilt and the coot.
Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge
The Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1992 on the island of Maui, Hawaii. The refuge provides a safe habitat for several endangered native water birds, and also hosts migratory ducks and shorebirds in fall, winter, and spring. More than 31 species of birds, such as the endangered Hawaiian stilt and coot and the Pacific golden plover can be found here.
Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge
The Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1985 and encompasses 203 acres of land on the northernmost tip of Kauai Island in Hawaii. The refuge is habitat to several species of migratory birds such as the Pacific golden plover and seabirds such as the Laysan albatross, and Hawai`i's State Bird (the nene).
Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge
The Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge, found about 1,000 miles southwest of Honolulu is an uninhabited, barren, coral atoll with a deep lagoon 5 miles wide and 9½ miles long. Barely 3 feet in elevation, the refuge provides roosting and feeding habitat for a number of migratory shorebird species.
Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1988 and is located about 1,250 miles west-northwest of Honolulu. With the departure of the U.S. Navy in 1997, the atoll refuge is in the process of restoring it's natural habitat for migratory seabirds.
Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge
The Oahu Forest National Wildlife Refuge is located on the upper slopes of the misty northern Ko'olau Mountains in O'ahu, Hawaii. The refuge is the home of a number of endangered or nearly extinct plants and 1 species of bird.
Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
The Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge can be found about halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa. Consisting of a circular string of 52 islets, the refuge is one of the most diverse and spectacular coral reef systems in the world. It is made up of about 680 acres of forest land an d515,232 acres of submerged land and open water and coral reef. The refuge has large populations of red-footed booby, brown boobies and black noddies. Also found here are Sooty terns, red- and white-tailed tropicbirds, masked boobies, great frigatebirds, and white terns.
Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge
The Pearl Harbor National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1972 and is made up of two units, totaling 62 acres on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. The refuge provides habitat for several endangered bird species including the Hawaiian stilt, Hawaiian coot, moorhen, and duck.
Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
The Rose Atoll National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1973 and consists of 15 acres of land and about 39,236 acres of submerged land. Located within the Territory of American Samoa, the refuge provides habitat to 12 species of migratory birds.
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Idaho
Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Bear Lake National Wildlife Refuge consists of 19,000 acres of marsh, open water, and grasslands at an elevation of 5,900 feet in the mountain-ringed Bear Lake Valley, Idaho. The refuge provides habitat for sandhill cranes, herons, snowy egret, white pelicans and a variety of ducks and geese species. it is especially important as a nesting area for white-faced ibis, Canada geese and redhead ducks.
Camas National Wildlife Refuge
The Camas National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1937 and is comprised of 10,578 acres of marshes, meadows, and uplands in southeastern Idaho. During migration seasons, the refuge is host to as many as 50,000 ducks, 3,000 geese and trumpeter swans in the hundreds.
Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge
The Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1909 and is composed of about 11,400 acres along the Snake River in southwest Idaho. The refuge is an important winter habitat for great numbers migrating of mallards and Canada geese.
Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 and consists of 18,330 acres of high mountain marsh at the foot of Caribou Mountain in southeast Idaho. In addition to being a prime nesting area for Canada geese and a variety of diving and dabbling ducks, the refuge is credited with having the largest nesting population of greater sandhill cranes in the world.
Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge
The Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 on 2,774 acres in the panhandle of Idaho. The primary goal of the refuge is to provide resting and feeding habitat for migrating waterfowl such as mallards, northern pintail, American wigeon, and tundra swans. In the fall, Canada geese gather on the refuge during August and September, while mallards peak in November.
Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge
The Minidoka National Wildlife Refuge is comprised of 20,721 acres. An important habitat for migrating ducks and geese which can number as many as 100,000, the refuge also accommodates a number of bald eagles, golden eagles, hawks, and owls. Minidoka also is home to the largest pelican colony in Idaho.
Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area
The Oxford Slough Waterfowl Production Area is composed of 1,878 acres of marshes, meadows, and uplands in in Franklin and Bannock counties of southeast Idaho. In addition to being a significant nesting area for redhead ducks, the refuge provides habitat for nesting ducks and a variety of water birds including a colony of white-faced ibises.
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Oregon
Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge
The Ankeny National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 and consists of 2,796 acres of cropland in the Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon. The refuge was created primarily to provide a wintering habitat for the Dusky Canada Geese.
Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
The Bandon Marsh National Wildlife Refuge is made up of 889 acres mouth of the Coquille River in southern Oregon. Bird species which can be spotted on the Refuge in the spring or fall include thousands of western and least sandpiper, semi-palmated plover, black-bellied plover, Pacific golden plover, red phalarope, whimbrel, dunlin and those rarities like Ruff.
Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge
The Baskett Slough National Wildlife Refuge consists of 2,492 acres in the Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon. Similar to the Ankeny NWR, Baskett Slough was created specifically to provide a wintering habitat for the dusky Canada Geese which winter almost exclusively in the Willamette Valley. Additionally, the refuge is also visited in the winter by a small number of Bald Eagles.
Bear Valley National Wildlife Refuge
The Bear Valley National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1978 on 4,200 acres in southern Oregon. The primary objectives of the refuge include maintaining a suitable habitat for several species of wildlife, most notably the American bald eagle, northern goshawk, and mule deer.
Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge
The Cape Meares National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1938 on 139 acres located just south of Tillamook Bay on the northern Oregon coast. Refuge objectives include provide nesting habitat for peregrine falcons and thousands of seabirds such as Brandt's and pelagic cormorants, common murres, tufted puffins, pigeon quillemots, western gulls, and black oystercatchers. Migrating loons, grebes, and flocks of shorebirds, and waterfowl have also been often spotted.
Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge
The Cold Springs National Wildlife Refuge is composed of 3,117 acres of open water, marsh, sagebrush, grasslands, and trees in northeastern Oregon. The refuge provides a wintertime home for large numbers of Canada geese and ducks.
Hart Mountain National Antelope Range
The Hart Mountain National Antelope Range was established in 1936 pm 269,000 acres in southeastern Oregon. The refuge is home to a large and diverse selection of wildlife, including pronghorn antelope, California bighorn sheep, mule deer, sage grouse, and redband trout.
Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge
The Klamath Marsh National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1958 on 16,400 acres in the Klamath Basin near Crater Lake in southwestern Oregon. The Klamath Basin is famous for the huge concentrations of summer waterfowl and wintering bald eagles.
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1940 and is comprised of 187,000 acres in the Northern Great Basin area of southeastern Oregon. Birdwatching opportunities here include over 320 species such as the northern pintail, tundra swan, lesser and greater sandhill crane, and flocks of snow goose and Ross' goose.
McKay Creek National Wildlife Refuge
The McKay Creek National Wildlife Refuge is comprised of 1,837 acres of open water (reservoir), marsh, and grasslands near Pendleton, Oregon. The refuge is wintering habitat for a large number of bird species including Canada geese and ducks, pheasants, osprey and bald eagles.
Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The Nestucca Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1991 on Nestucca Bay on the Oregon coast. The refuge is home to 10 percent of the world population of dusky Canada geese, and 100 percent of a very unique subpopulation of Aleutian Canada geese called the Semidi Islands Aleutian Cackling geese. It is also an important rest stop for migrating shorebirds and other waterfowl and is used by peregrine falcons and the bald eagle.
Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge
The Oregon Islands National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1935 and is comprised of 371 acres on the Oregon coast. The refuge provides a nesting habitat for thirteen species of seabirds, including common murres, tufted puffins, Leach's and fork-tailed storm-petrels, rhinoceros auklets, Brandt's, pelagic and double-crested cormorants, and pigeon guillemots.
Siletz Bay National Wildlife Refuge
The Siletz Bay National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1991 and is comprised of 371 acres on Siletz Bay on the Pacific coast of Oregon is habitat for a number of red-tailed hawks, bald eagles, and other raptors in addition to a variety of estuarine dependant birds including great blue heron, great egret and many species of waterfowl.
Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge
The Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1907 on 15 acres just off the northern coast of Oregon. The refuge hosts the largest common murre colony south of Alaska and the largest seabird nesting colony in Oregon, providing nesting and resting sites for common murres, Brandt's and pelagic cormorants, tufted puffins, and smaller numbers of up to 11 other species of seabirds, including peregrine falcons, brown pelicans, bald eagles, Aleutian Canada geese.
Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge
The Tualatin River National Wildlife Refuge was established in 2006 on 6,400 acres and is located on the northern end of the Willamette Valley near Sherwood, Oregon southwest of Portland. The refuge is home to nearly 200 species of birds and provides habitat for wintering Canada goose, pintail and mallard ducks.
Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge
The Umatilla National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1969 along the Columbia River in Oregon and is composed of 29,370 acres. The refuge provides a winter nesting habitat to large numbers of Great Basin Canada geese and several species of ducks. Long-billed curlews and other marsh and water birds can also be found on the refuge.
Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge
The Upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1928 and is made up 15,000 acres in central Oregon. The primary objective of the refuge is to provide habitat for spring and fall migratory waterfowl and colonial nesting birds including American white pelican and several heron species. Bald eagle and osprey can also be found in the vicinity.
William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge
The William L. Finley National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1964 is located on 5,325 acres in the foothills of Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon. The primary objective of the refuge is to provide vital wintering habitat for dusky Canada geese.
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Washington
Columbia National Wildlife Refuge
The Columbia National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1944 and is comprised of 23,000 acres in the famous Channeled Scablands of the Columbia River Basin in Washington state. The refuge is an important wintering habitat for mallards and Canada geese. Some of the important bird species found here include: Common Loon; American White Pelican; Great Egret; Greater Scaup; Barrow’s Goldeneye; Golden and Bald Eagles; Swainson’s and Ferruginous Hawks; Sandhill Crane; American Avocet; Black-necked Stilt; Solitary Sandpiper; Long-billed Curlew; Baird’s and Pectoral Sandpipers; Wilson’s and Red necked Phalaropes; Bonaparte’s Gull; Forster’s Tern; Short-eared and Burrowing Owls; Calliope and Rufous Hummingbirds; Cassin’s Vireo; Sage Thrasher; Sage Sparrow.
Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1964 and is made up of 6,500 acres of the historic Conboy/Camas lakebeds on the east slope of the Cascade Mountains in southern Washington. The refuge provides habitat for a number of wild bird species including the Bald eagle and the greater sandhill crane.
Copalis National Wildlife Refuge
The Copalis National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1907 and consists of a portion of 870 islands, rocks, and reefs on Washington's Pacific coast. The refuge provides an annual nesting place for several hundred thousand birds of many different species of pelagic birds including Leach's storm petrel, fork-tailed storm petrel, rhinoceros auklet, tufted puffin, common murre, glaucous-winged gull, western gull, Brandt's cormorant, pelagic cormorant, Cassin's auklet, black oystercatcher, pigeon guillemot, and double-crested cormorant.
Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge
The Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1915 and consists of 631 acres of sand spit, tidelands, and forested uplands located in Clallam County, Washington, on the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The refuge is an important winter gathering spot for brant and other waterfowl.
Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge
The Flattery Rocks National Wildlife Refuge consists of 870 coastal rocks and reefs on the Pacific Coast of Washington state. The refuge is an important nesting place for a large number of pelagic birds including Leach's storm petrel, fork-tailed storm petrel, rhinoceros auklet, tufted puffin, common murre, glaucous-winged gull, western gull, Brandt's cormorant, pelagic cormorant, Cassin's auklet, black oystercatcher, pigeon guillemot, and double-crested cormorant.
Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Franz Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1990 and consists of 590 acres within the Columbia River Gorge in southwest Washington State. The refuge provides habitat for a number of species including great blue herons, gulls, band tailed pigeons, red-tailed hawks, crows, numerous songbirds, killdeer.
Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge
The Grays Harbor National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1988 on 1,500 acres on the Washington Coast. Grays Harbor Estuary is one of four major staging areas for shorebirds in North America and one of the largest concentrations of shorebirds on the west coast, south of Alaska.
Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer
The Julia Butler Hansen Refuge for the Columbian White-Tailed Deer was established in 1972 and consists of 4,757 acres of diked Columbia River floodplain and undiked islands. The refuge provides a key wintering habitat for wintering area for tundra swans, Canada geese, mallards, wigeon, and pintails.
Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge
The Lewis and Clark National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1972 and is made up of 8,313 acres of islands and sand bars in the Columbia River estuary and another 35,000 acres of tidelands and open water. The refuge provides a wintering habitat for quantities of up to 1,000 tundra swans, 5,000 geese and up to 30,000 ducks.
Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge
The Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1939 on 40,198 acres on the west slope of the Selkirk Mountain Range in Stevens County in Washington State. Nearly two hundred species of birds have been identified on the refuge including bald eagles, woodpeckers, nuthatches, chickadees, Canada geese, mallards, red-necked grebes, common goldeneyes, wood ducks, and common and hooded mergansers.
McNary National Wildlife Refuge
The McNary National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1954 and currently encompasses over 15,000 acres in the Columbia River Basin of Washington State. The refuge is primarily a winter resting place for migrating waterfowl such as Canada geese and mallards.
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
The Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1974 and is made up of 3,000 acres of salt and freshwater marshes, grasslands, riparian, and mixed forest lands. The refuge provides habitat for a large number of migratory waterfowl, songbirds, raptors, and wading birds. A few of the species frequently spotted here include loons, grebes, shearwaters, pelicans, cormorants, herons, bitterns, swans, geese, ducks, ospreys, hawks, harriers, falcons, pheasants and grouse.
Pierce National Wildlife Refuge
The Pierce National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1990 and is currently made up of 329 acres within the Columbia River Gorge in southwest Washington State. A primary objective of the refuge is to provide a wintering habitat for various species of waterfowl such as Canada geese, ducks, and other aquatic birds.
Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge
The Protection Island National Wildlife Refuge, located at the mouth of Discovery Bay in the Strait of Juan de Fuca in Washington State, encompasses 364 acres. The refuge is an important nesting location for sea birds in Puget Sound, providing accommodations for large numbers of rhinoceros auklets, glaucous winged gulls, pelagic commorants, tufted puffins, pigeon guillemots, double-crested commorants, and black oystercatchers and bald eagles.
Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge
The Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1907 and consists of a portion of 870 islands, rocks, and reefs extending for more than 100 miles along Washington's coast from Cape Flattery to Copalis Beach. The refuge is vital sanctuary where 14 species of seabirds nest and raise their young.
Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge
The Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 and includes 5,217 acres on the shore of the Lower Columbia River in Washington State. The refuge provides a vital habitat for various wintering waterfowl including dusky Canada geese, sandhill cranes, mallards, great blue herons and red-tailed hawks.
Saddle Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
The Saddle Mountain National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1953 and is made up of 195,000 acres in the Columbia Reiver area of south-central Washington State. The refuge is an important habitat sanctuary both for bird species which are year-round residents as well as various migratory species. Some of the more populous species on the refuge include the horned lark, meadowlark, Brewer's sparrow, sage sparrow, loggerhead shrike, sage thrashers, Swainson's hawk, golden eagles, prairie falcons, short-eared owls and red-tailed hawks.
San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge
The San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge was initially established in 1914 and has continued to grow by acquisition through 1976. The refuge encompasses 83 individual sites totaling 454 acres in Northern Puget Sound. The refuge provides habitats for nesting and loafing sites for glaucous-winged gulls, cormorants, pigeon guillemots, tufted puffins, rhinoceros auklets, black oystercatchers, and a variety of shorebirds.
Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge
The Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1984 and consists of 1,059 acres on the Western side of the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area in Washington State. Some of the bird species that have been spotted here include White-faced Ibis, Prairie Falcon, Black-necked Stilt, American Avocet, Burrowing Owl, Lewis's Woodpecker, Gray Flycatcher, Ash-throated Flycatcher, Sage Thrasher, and Brewer's Sparrow. Uncommon west-side breeding passerine species that can be found here are White-breasted Nuthatch, House Wren, and Yellow-headed Blackbird.
Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge
The Toppenish National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1964 and encompasses 1,764 acres along the Toppenish Creek in the Yakima Valley area of Washington State. The primary objective of the refuge is to provide sanctuary and habitat to migratory waterfowl.
Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge
The Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1937 along the eastern side of the Columbia Basin, in Spokane county in northeastern Washington. Tbe primary objectives of the refuge include providing habitat for migrating and breeding waterfowl and other water birds.
Willapa National Wildlife Refuge
The Willapa National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1937 and includes 111,000 acres on the shores of Willapa Bay in Washington State near the Pacific Ocean. Winter-time, waterfowl residents include: black brant, trumpeter swans, Canada geese, canvasback, scaup, bufflehead, scoters, and American wigeon.
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